Upaya Pemberantasan Korupsi pada Era Hu Jintao

R.Tuty Nur Mutia, Nina Arsya Putri Jadmiko

Abstract


Corruption is literally defined as the embezzlement or misuse of state, company, organization, foundation, and other money for personal or other people's interests. It is a serious problem for countries worldwide, including China. Corruption in China has been recorded since the dynasty era and has continued to develop into modern times, especially after the start of the gaige-kaifang (reform & opening) era. Since its founding in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has tried to eradicate corruption. Entering the 21st century, science and technology have developed rapidly. Hu Jintao, who led China in the early 21st century (2002-2013), utilized advances in science and technology to eradicate corruption. That is the subject of this article. The research method used is qualitative with a historical science approach, including the stages of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The study results show that the use of science and technology, especially the use of the Internet to eradicate corruption in China in the Hu Jintao era, brought significant results compared to the previous government era. This success also increased public satisfaction with the effectiveness of efforts to eradicate corruption in China.

 

Abstrak

Korupsi secara harfiah didefinisikan sebagai sebuah tindakan penyelewengan atau penyalahgunaan uang negara, perusahaan, organisasi, yayasan, dan sebagainya untuk kepentingan pribadi atau orang lain. Korupsi merupakan sebuah masalah serius bagi negara-negara di dunia, termasuk Tiongkok. Korupsi di Tiongkok sudah tercatat sejak era kedinastian dan terus berkembang hingga zaman modern, terutama setelah dimulainya era gaige-kaifang (reformasi-keterbukaan). Sejak berdiri pada tahun 1949 hingga saat ini, pemerintah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) telah banyak melakukan upaya pemberantasan korupsi. Memasuki abad-21 ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi (iptek) berkembang pesat. Hu Jintao yang memimpin RRT pada awal abad-21 (2002-2013) memanfaatkan kemajuan iptek untuk memberantas korupsi. Hal itulah yang menjadi pokok bahasan artikel ini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan ilmu sejarah yang mencakup tahapan heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan iptek, terutama pemanfaatan internet untuk pemberantasan korupsi di Tiongkok pada era Hu Jintao membawa hasil yang cukup signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan era pemerintahan sebelumnya. Keberhasilan tersebut juga telah meningkatkan kepuasan rakyat terhadap efektivitas upaya pemberantasan korupsi di Tiongkok.

Keywords


pemberantasan korupsi; gaige-kaifang; ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi; Hu Jintao

References


Branigan, T. (2012). China's Hu Jintao warns congress corruption could cause fall of state. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/08/china-hujintao-warning-congress-corruption (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Brown, K. (2014). Carnival china: china in the era of hu jintao and xi jinping. Imperial College Press

CCDI. (2013). 中国共产党第十七届中央纪律检查委员会第二次全体会议公报 (Komunike Sidang Paripurna Kedua Komisi Pusat Ketujuh Belas untuk Inspeksi Disiplin Partai Komunis Tiongkok). https://www.ccdi.gov.cn/xxgk/hyzl/201307/t20130726_114151.html (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Chan, K. S., Dang, V. Q. T., Li, T. (2019). The evolution of corruption and development intransitional economies: evidence from china. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2019.09.001

Chen, T. H.-E., & Chen, W.-H. C. (1953). The “three-anti” and “five-anti” movements in communist china. Pacific Affairs, 26(1), pp. 3–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/2752900

Chen, Zhenghong., Zhao, Qiang. (2008). 网络反腐:借助高科技手段惩治腐败的利剑 (Antikorupsi di Internet: pedang tajam untuk menghukum korupsi dengan sarana teknologi tinggi). Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JZGC201129106.htm (diakses pada 21 Agustus 2023)

Cheng, T. J., DeLisle, J., Brown, D. (2006). China under hu jintao: opportunities, dangers, and dilemmas. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

Cheng, T. J. (2006). Information technology in china: a double-edged sword. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

China Daily. (2003). CCP vows to fight corruption in coming years. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/home/2003-01/29/content_153284.htm.

China Daily. (2005). Hu offers systematic cure to corruption. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/home/200501/12/content_407995.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

China Daily. (2006). Anti-corruption drive an arduous task. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/cndy/2006-01/07/content_510054.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

China Daily. (2006). President Hu Jintao calls for corruption fight. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/home/200601/08/content_510280.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

China Daily. (2006). China takes aim at corruption . http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/home/200601/09/content_510503.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

D'Amico, Nicholas. (2015). Corruption and economic growth in china: an emirical analysis. Senior Honors Projects. 78. http://collected.jcu.edu/honorspapers/7 (Diakses pada 6 Agustus 2023)

Davis, D. K. (2008). Modern world leaders: hu jintao. Infobase Publishing

Deng, X., Zhang, L., Leverentz, A. (2010). Official corruption during china’s economic transition: historical patterns, characteristics, and government reactions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(1).72–88. 10.1177/1043986209350302.

Doyon, J., & Jayaram, N. (2013). A new impetus for the fight against corruption. China Perspectives, 2(94), pp. 74–75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24055558

Ewing, R.D. (2003). Hu Jintao: the making of a chinese general secretary. The China Quarterly. 173, 17-34. 10.1017/S0009443903000032

Fang, Qiang., & Li, Xiaobing. (2019). Corruption and anticorruption in modern china. United Kingdom: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Fewsmith, J. (2008). China since tiananmen: from deng xiaoping to hu jintao. Cambridge University Press

Fewsmith, J. (2003). Chinese Politics under Hu Jintao: Riding the Tiger of Politics and Public Health,. Problems of Post-Communism. 50:5. Pp. 14-21. 10.1080/10758216.2003.11656051

Guo, Y. (2008). Corruption in transitional china: an empirical analysis. The China Quarterly, 194, 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1017/S03057410080

Gong, T. (1997). Forms and characteristics of china’s corruption in the 1990s: change with continuity. Communist and Post-Communist Srudies, 30(3),277-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-067X(97)00008-1

Gong, T. (2004). Dependent judiciary and unaccountable judges: judicial corruption in contemporary china. China Review. 4(2). Pp. 33–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23461883

GOV.CN. n.d. 中国共产党第十七届中央纪律检查委员会第三次全体会议公报 (komunike sidang paripurna ketiga komisi pusat ketujuh belas untuk inspeksi disiplin partai komunis tiongkok). http://www.gov.cn/test/200506/27/content_9929.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Hao, Y., & Johnston, M. (1995). Reform at the crossroads: an analysis of chinese corruption. Asian Perspective, 19(1), 117–149. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704062

He, Zengke. (2002). Corruption and anti-corruption in reform china. Communist and Post Communist Studies 33, 243–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967067X(00)00006-4

Hou, J. W. (2011). Economic reform of China: Cause and effects. The Social Science Journal, 48(3), 419-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.06.009

Hou, Xiaojia. (2019). Connection, corruption, and confrontation. Lake Weishan. United Kingdom: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Huang, Yanzhong. (2006). Is the chinese state apparatus being revamped. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

KBBI. (2020). Kamus besar bahasa indonesia (KBBI). https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/korupsi (Diakses pada 9 Agustus 2023)

Keliher, M., & Wu, H. (2016). Corruption, anticorruption, and the transformation of political culture in contemporary china. The Journal of Asian Studies, 75(1), 5–18. 10.1017/S002191181500203X

Kenton, W. (2021). Corruption perceptions index (CPI). https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/corruption-perception-index (Diakses pada 7 Oktober 2023)

Ko, K., & Weng, C. (2012). Structural Changes in Chinese Corruption. The China Quarterly. 211, 718-740. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23501 (Diakses pada 5 Agustus 2023)

Lam, W. W. L. (2006). Chinese politics in the hu jintao era: new leaders, new challenges. United States of America: An East Gate Book.

Lee, T. C. (2018). Pernicious custom? Corruption, culture, and the efficacy of anti-corruption campaigning in China. Crime Law Soc Change (2018) 70: pp. 349–361 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-017-9735-x

Li, Minguo. (2012). 胡锦涛反腐倡廉建设思想研究 (Kajian tentang pemikiran hu jintao dalam memerangi korupsi dan menganjurkan kejujuran). https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2012&filenme=1012382793.nh&uniplatform=NZKPT&v=4PSY%25mmd2BSnSq4Kb4fWI6c2hYYmNIJkQv5Z9o2N4dO2JJitNUN8J%25mmd2F2nwh0oKTw96%25mmd2FCmq (Diakses pada 16 September 2023)

Li, Xiaobing. (2019). Anticorruption policy and party politics: the lost political battle and the fate of the gmd. United Kingdom: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Luo, Z. (2010). 中国共产党第十七届中央纪律检查委员会第五次全体会议公报 (komunike sidang pleno kelima komisi pusat ketujuh belas untuk inspeksi disiplin partai komunis tiongkok) https://jwjc.shu.edu.cn/info/1081/1852.htm (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Mamychev, A. Y., et al. (2018). Anticorruption policy in modern China: basic principles and direction. Revista San Gregorio 2018. eISSN: 2528-7907

Mutia, R Tuty Nur. (2015). Diplomasi tanpa kehilangan muka: peran konsep mianzi di balik normalisasi hubungan diplomatik tiongkok-indonesia tahun 1990. Serat Alam Media.

NDTV. (2012). China's Hu Jintao says corruption threatens state, promises reform. https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/chinas-hu-jintao-says-corruption-threatens-state-promises-reform-504029 (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Pei, Mixin. (2007). Corruption threatens China’s future. Policy Brief. 55. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. www.carnegieendowment.org/files/pb55_pei_china_corruption_final.pdf (Diakses pada 6 Agustus 2023)

People Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland. (2007). Full text of hu jintao's report at 17th party congress. http://www.chinese-embassy.org.uk/eng/zywl/2007/t376863.htm (Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2023)

Pletcher, K. (2020). Opium wars. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Root, Hilton. (1996). Corruption in china: has it become systemic? Asian Survey, 36. 741-757. 10.1525/as.1996.36.8.01p0155r .

Schauseil, W., Zúñiga, N., & Jackson, D. (2019). Media and anti-corruption. Transparency International. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20465

Sun, Y. (2005). Corruption, growth, and reform: the chinese enigma. http://faculty.nps.edu/relooney/00_New_112.pdf (Diakses pada 24 September 2023)

Tang, N., Ding, Z., & Xu, Y. (2018). Corruption and anti-corruption research in china: a critical review of chinese top journal publications (1989–2017). Chinese Public Administration Review, 9(2). 79-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v9i2.167

Tian, Xiansheng. (2019). Hu jintao’s anticorruption action (or non-action): the bo xilai case and after. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Transparency International. https://www.transparency.org/en/about (Diakses pada 7 Oktober 2023)

Wan, Bibo & Cai, Jing. (2010). 胡锦涛反腐倡廉思想简论 (diskusi singkat tentang pemikiran hu jintao dalam memerangi korupsi dan menganjurkan kejujuran). Journal of Yangzhou University (Humanities & Social Sciences, 14(6). https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YZDR201006002.htm (Diakses pada 5 Agustus 2021)

Wang, Gang. (2007). 党章的地位作用与反腐倡廉的基础 (peran konstitusional partai dan landasan pemberantasan korupsi). https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal- JZYK200701004.htm (Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2021)

Watts, J. (2011). Chinese president hu jintao's warning as communist party celebrates 90 years. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/01/chinese-president-corruption-communist-party (Diakses pada 17 September 2023)

Wedeman, A. (2004). The intensification of corruption in china. The China Quarterly. 180. Pp. 895-921. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20192410 (Diakses pada 6 Agustus 2021)

Wedeman, A. (2012). Growth and corruption in china. Critical Readings on the Communist Party of China, 11(2). https://www.chinacenter.net/2012/china_currents/11-2/growth-and-corruption-in-china/# (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2021)

White, G. (1996). Corruption and the transition from socialism in china. Journal of Law and Society. 23(1), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.2307/1410472

Wang, Hongxia. (2004). 中共三代领导人的反腐败思想初探 (Kajian pendahuluan pemikiran antikorupsi tiga generasi pemimpin partai komunis china). J. Chang chun Inst. Tech. (Soc. Sci. Edi.), 5(4). https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-CGCS200404003.htm (Diakses pada 14 Agustus 2023)

Wu, C. (2016). The role of a regulatory enforcement system against corruption in China. In Regulating Government Ethics: An Underused Weapon in China's Anti-Corruption Campaign (pp. 14-62). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org./10.1017/CBO9781316402214.003

Wu, Gaoqing. & Li, Liu. (2011). 建党90年来反腐倡廉法律制度体系的建立与完善 (Pembentukan dan perbaikan sistem hukum antikorupsi dan pemerintahan bersih dalam 90 tahun terakhir sejak berdirinya partai). Institute of Law, Zhejiang Industrial and Commercial University. https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-LZWH201102008.htm (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2023)

Wu, Jiuzhan. (2010). 论胡锦涛反腐倡廉建设的新思路 (Pemikiran baru hu jintao tentang memerangi korupsi dan pemerintahan yang bersih). Research Center, Guangzhou University. Guangzhou, Guangdong. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GZDX201012003.htm (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2021)

Wu, Yiping., & Zhu, Jiangnan. (2011). Corruption, anti-corruption, and intercounty income disparity in China. The Social Science Journal, 48(3), 435-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.05.001

Xing, G. (2009). Hu Jintao’s political thinking and legitimacy building: a post-marxist perspective. Asian Affairs, 36(4). Pp. 213–226. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27748574

Xu, Lanbin. (2012). 防范 “四种危险”: 高校从源头遏制腐败的重要抓手- 兼论高校党员要自觉增强居安思危的忧患意识 (Cegah "empat bahaya": cara penting perguruan tinggi dan universitas membasmi korupsi dari sumbernya - juga atas kesadaran anggota partai di perguruan tinggi dan universitas untuk bersiap menghadapi bahaya di masa aman). Journal of Jiangxi Agricultural University, 11(3). https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-JNDS201203026.htm (Diakses pada 10 Oktober 2023)

Xu, Senlin. (2008). 胡锦涛反腐败思想探析 (Analisis pemikiran antikorupsi hu jintao). East China University of Science and Technology. Shanghai. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SDXB200805015.htm (Diakses pada 5 Agustus 2021)

Xu, Y., Jiao, L., Xu, R., Feng, Q., Wang, F., Jiang, J., & Chen, C. (2018). The Process and Characteristics of Psychological Kidnapping: An Indigenous Model of Corruption in China. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology. 12(13). https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2017.24

Yang, Dongyu. (2019). Anticorruption in shaanxi during jiang zemin’s era. United Kingdom: The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Yang, Zhiguo. (2019). Crime (or No Crime) and punishment: the making of the first big case in new china and legitimation of ccp party government, 1950-1991. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.

Yao, Shuntian. (2002). Privilege and Corruption: The Problems of China's Socialist Market Economy. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 61(1), 279-299. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487748 (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2021)

Yeung, Irene Y. M., & Tung, Rosalie, L. (1996). Achieving Business Success in Confucian Societies: The Importance of Guanxi’ (Connections). Organizational Dynamics. 25(2), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(96)90025-X (Diakses pada 13 Agustus 2023)

Zhang, Weiying. (2012). 反腐败的两难选择 (Dilema antikorupsi). https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/269438.html (Diakses pada 16 September 2023)

Zhu, Jiangnan. (2017). Corruption in reform china: a multidisciplinary review. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310503733 (Diakses pada 24 September 2023)

Zúñiga, Nieves. (2018). China: overview of corruption and anticorruption. Transparency International. https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Country-profile-China- 2018.pdf (Diakses pada 6 Agustus 2023)




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v7i2.75315

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024 Historia: Jurnal Pendidik dan Peneliti Sejarah 


INDEXED

   

 

TOOLS

     

 

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Alamat Redaksi: Gedung Numan Soemantri, FPIPS UPI, Departemen Pendidikan Sejarah, Lantai 2, Jl. Dr. Setiabudhi No 229 Bandung, 40154

 

View "Jurnal Historia" Stats