Antara Sains dan Kepentingan Kolonial: Produksi Pengetahuan Spesimen Hewan Nusantara Abad XIX - Awal Abad XX

Budi Gustaman

Abstract


Historically, Indonesian animal specimens have significant value in the development of science globally. The indicator is that many animal specimens are documented in more scientific publications, and physically displayed in the Natural History museums in many countries, including the Bogor Zoological Museum, as the most comprehensive museum in Southeast Asia. This research examines the problems of the reasons why Western scientists used the archipelago and its animal specimens as research objects, as well as how the process of knowledge production and knowledge transfer in the context of scientific development and colonial interests. The method used in this research is the historical method, which relies on primary sources in the form of zoological research publications in the Netherlands Indie (Indonesia) and abroad. This research produced three important findings. First, during the colonial period, Western naturalists carried out many explorations of the archipelago, published and brought various specimens to the Western world. Second, the exploration of Indonesian animal specimens is also closely related to political aspects in the form of knowledge production for colonial purposes. Third, the development of zoological science in the Netherlands Indie shows progress with indicators: massive exploration, periodic publications, and an increase in the Bogor Zoological Museum, in the research and the number of collections. This indication shows that the Bogor Zoological Museum is a historic axis for the transfer of zoological knowledge globally.

 

Abstrak

Secara historis, spesimen hewan Nusantara memiliki nilai penting dalam perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan global. Indikatornya adalah spesimen-spesimen hewan endemik Nusantara banyak tercatat dalam berbagai publikasi ilmiah, dan secara fisik banyak dipajang di berbagai Museum Sejarah Alam di banyak negara, termasuk di Museum Zoologi Bogor sebagai museum terlengkap di Asia Tenggara. Penelitian ini mengangkat masalah tentang alasan para ilmuwan Barat menjadikan Kepulauan Nusantara beserta spesimen-spesimen hewannya sebagai objek penelitian, serta bagaimana proses produksi pengetahuan dan transfer pengetahuan tersebut dilakukan dalam konteks perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan kepentingan kolonial. Metode sejarah digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yang bertumpu pada penggunaan sumber primer berupa publikasi penelitian zoologi di Hindia Belanda (Indonesia) dan luar negeri. Penelitian ini menghasilkan tiga temuan penting. Pertama, pada periode kolonial, naturalis Barat banyak melakukan eksplorasi ke Kepulauan Nusantara, mempublikasikan, dan membawa berbagai spesimen ke dunia Barat. Kedua, eksplorasi terhadap spesimen hewan juga berkaitan erat dengan aspek politis berupa produksi pengetahuan untuk kepentingan kolonial. Ketiga, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan zoologi di Hindia Belanda memperlihatkan kemajuan, dengan indikator berupa masifnya eksplorasi, publikasi berkala, dan peningkatan Museum Zoologi Bogor dalam penelitian dan jumlah koleksi. Hal yang membuat Museum Zoologi Bogor menjadi salah satu poros penting bagi transfer pengetahuan zoologi secara global.


Keywords


Indonesian Animal Specimens; Animal Exploration; Natural History; Bogor Zoological Museum

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/historia.v7i2.71325

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