Correlation between Physical Fitness and Concentration of Gymnastics Athletes

Rion Hendrianto, Helmy Firmansyah

Abstract


The purpose of the study was to examine the correlation between physical fitness and the concentration of West Java gymnastics athletes. The method used in this research was descriptive quantitative method with correlational design. The sampling technique used in this study was purposive sampling, involving seventeen young athletes (9 women and 8 men; age 19.71 ± 4.22 years, height 1.57 ± 0.07 m, body mass 52.4 ± 7 .58 kg) who were members of PPLP (Student Sport Education and Training Center) and Pelatda (Regional Training Center). The instruments used in this study were a physical condition test (sit and reach test, trunk lift test, standing stork test, whole body reaction, hurdle jump test, 12 core stability test, and beep test) for physical fitness and a concentration grid test for measuring concentration ability. The data processing and analysis results found a correlation of (r = 0.50 with a p-value of 0.041<0.05) and a coefficient of determination of 25%. It concludes that there is a correlation between physical fitness and the concentration of West Java gymnastic athletes. Physical fitness is a crucial aspect for an athlete to meet the needs of movement and to perform optimal gymnastic movements without feeling excessive tired, so that they can maintain concentration when practicing or competing. Therefore, activities that can improve physical fitness are considered beneficial in increasing concentration abilities.


Keywords


concentration performance, cognitive function, physical fitness

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdollahipour, R., Wulf, G., Psotta, R., & Palomo Nieto, M. (2015). Performance of gymnastics skill benefits from an external focus of attention. Journal of sports sciences, 33(17), 1807-1813.

Alosco, M. L., Brickman, A. M., Spitznagel, M. B., Griffith, E. Y., Narkhede, A., Raz, N., ... & Gunstad, J. (2013). Poorer physical fitness is associated with reduced structural brain integrity in heart failure. Journal of the neurological sciences, 328(1-2), 51-57.

Ana-Maria, G., & Ionuţ, C. (2014). Significance of the Transition from one Sport Category to Another in Men’s Junior Artistic Gymnastics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 117, 414-419.

Antunes, B. M., Rossi, F. E., Teixeira, A. M., & Lira, F. S. (2020). Short-time high-intensity exercise increases peripheral BDNF in a physical fitness-dependent way in healthy men. European journal of sport science, 20(1), 43-50.

Best, J. R., Dao, E., Churchill, R., & Cosco, T. D. (2020). Associations between physical fitness and brain structure in young adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 608049.

Budiarti, R., Nugroho, W., & Nurfadhila, R. (2020, November). Contributions of Physical Condition to Gymnastics Basic Skills of College Students. In The 3rd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2019 (ICSSH 2019) (pp. 114-116). Atlantis Press.

Chen, W., Hammond-Bennett, A., Hypnar, A., & Mason, S. (2018). Health-related physical fitness and physical activity in elementary school students. BMC public health, 18(1), 1-12.

Chuang, L. Y., Huang, C. J., & Hung, T. M. (2013). The differences in frontal midline theta power between successful and unsuccessful basketball free throws of elite basketball players. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(3), 321-328.

Colcombe, S. J., Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P., McAuley, E., Cohen, N. J., ... & Elavsky, S. (2004). Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(9), 3316-3321.

Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychological science, 14(2), 125-130.

Corlaci, I. (2013). Study on the Implications of Attention in Gymnastics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1691-1696.

Dallas, G. C., Dallas, C., & Maridaki, Μ. (2021). The Effect Of 10-Week Isokinetic Training On Muscle Strength And Gymnastic Performance In Preadolescent Female Gymnast. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 13(3), 399-409.

De Greeff, J. W., Bosker, R. J., Oosterlaan, J., Visscher, C., & Hartman, E. (2018). Effects of physical activity on executive functions, attention and academic performance in preadolescent children: a meta-analysis. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 21(5), 501-507.

Devenney, K. E., Guinan, E. M., Kelly, Á. M., Mota, B. C., Walsh, C., Rikkert, M. O., ... & Lawlor, B. (2019). Acute high-intensity aerobic exercise affects brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mild cognitive impairment: a randomised controlled study. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 5(1), e000499.

Di Cagno, A., Baldari, C., Battaglia, C., Monteiro, M. D., Pappalardo, A., Piazza, M., & Guidetti, L. (2009). Factors influencing performance of competitive and amateur rhythmic gymnastics—Gender differences. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(3), 411-416.

Donnelly, J. E., Hillman, C. H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J. L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., ... & Szabo-Reed, A. N. (2016). Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: a systematic review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(6), 1197.

Douda, H. T., Toubekis, A. G., Avloniti, A. A., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2008). Physiological and anthropometric determinants of rhythmic gymnastics performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(1), 41-54.

Ermutlu, N., Yücesir, I., Eskikurt, G., Temel, T., & İşoğlu-Alkaç, Ü. (2015). Brain electrical activities of dancers and fast ball sports athletes are different. Cognitive neurodynamics, 9, 257-263.

Esteban-Cornejo, I., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Contreras-Rodriguez, O., Verdejo-Roman, J., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Migueles, J. H., ... & Ortega, F. B. (2017). A whole brain volumetric approach in overweight/obese children: Examining the association with different physical fitness components and academic performance. The ActiveBrains project. Neuroimage, 159, 346-354.

Firmansyah, H. (2016). Effect Direct And Indirect (Inquiry) Instructions Model In Teaching Gymnastics. Jurnal Publikasi Pendidikan| Volume VI No, 3, 175.

Gifari, N., Nuzrina, R., Kuswari, M., Hutami, N. T., & Ghalda, A. (2020). Relationship between nutrition knowledge and aerobic fitness in young gymnasts. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 12(2), 195-202.

Goldman, M., & Rao, J. M. (2012, March). Effort vs. concentration: the asymmetric impact of pressure on NBA performance. In Proceedings of the MIT Sloan sports analytics conference (pp. 1-10). MIT.

Gregory, S. M., Parker, B., & Thompson, P. D. (2012). Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia?. Brain sciences, 2(4), 684-708.

Buchele Harris, H., Cortina, K. S., Templin, T., Colabianchi, N., & Chen, W. (2018). Impact of coordinated-bilateral physical activities on attention and concentration in school-aged children. BioMed research international, 2018.

Chen, W., Zhang, Z., Callaghan, B., LaChappa, L., Chen, M., & He, Z. (2017). Acute effects of aerobic physical activities on attention and concentration in school-aged children. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res, 1(5), 1-8.

Hendrayana, Y., Negara, J. D. K., Nuryadi, A. G., & Lesyiana, M. (2020). The Impact of Beta Brain Waves in Improving Cognitive Function through Brain Jogging Applications.

Hernández, D., Heinilä, E., Muotka, J., Ruotsalainen, I., Lapinkero, H. M., Syväoja, H., ... & Parviainen, T. (2021). Physical activity and aerobic fitness show different associations with brain processes underlying anticipatory selective visuospatial attention in adolescents. Brain Research, 1761, 147392.

Higueras-Fresnillo, S., Cabanas-Sánchez, V., García-Esquinas, E., Rodríguez-Artalejo, F., & Martinez-Gomez, D. (2018). Physical activity attenuates the impact of poor physical, mental, and social health on total and cardiovascular mortality in older adults: a population-based prospective cohort study. Quality of Life Research, 27, 3293-3302.

Hillman, C. H., Snook, E. M., & Jerome, G. J. (2003). Acute cardiovascular exercise and executive control function. International Journal of psychophysiology, 48(3), 307-314.

Hsu, C. C., Fu, T. C., Huang, S. C., Chen, C. P. C., & Wang, J. S. (2021). Increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor with high-intensity interval training in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 64(4), 101385.

Hurtig-Wennlöf, A., Ruiz, J. R., Harro, M., & Sjöström, M. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness relates more strongly than physical activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy children and adolescents: the European Youth Heart Study. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 14(4), 575-581.

Janssen, M., Toussaint, H. M., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. A. (2014). Effects of acute bouts of physical activity on children's attention: a systematic review of the literature. Springerplus, 3(1), 1-10.

Kiuchukov, I., Yanev, I., Petrov, L., Kolimechkov, S., Alexandrova, A., Zaykova, D., & Stoimenov, E. (2019). Impact of gymnastics training on the health-related physical fitness of young female and male artistic gymnasts. Science of Gymnastics Journal, 11(2), 175-187.

Knaeps, S., Bourgois, J. G., Charlier, R., Mertens, E., & Lefevre, J. (2017). Associations between physical activity and health-related fitness–volume versus pattern. Journal of sports sciences, 35(6), 539-546.

Loviani, S., Ma’mun, A., & Kusmaedi, N. (2022). Effects of Health-Related Fitness Model Implementation in Physical Education on Active Lifestyle of Vocational High School Students. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 7(1), 125-129

Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., Pühse, U., & Colledge, F. (2018). Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance among young adults in a higher education setting. Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 89(2), 164-172.

Luque-Casado, A., Zabala, M., Morales, E., Mateo-March, M., & Sanabria, D. (2013). Cognitive performance and heart rate variability: the influence of fitness level. PloS one, 8(2), e56935.

Mahar, M. T. (2011). Impact of short bouts of physical activity on attention-to-task in elementary school children. Preventive medicine, 52, S60-S64.

Memmert, D., Simons, D. J., & Grimme, T. (2009). The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 146-151.

Murawska-Ciałowicz, E., Wiatr, M., Ciałowicz, M., Gomes de Assis, G., Borowicz, W., Rocha-Rodrigues, S., ... & Marques, A. (2021). BDNF Impact on Biological Markers of Depression—Role of Physical Exercise and Training. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(14), 7553.

Nassib, S. H., Mkaouer, B., Nassib, S., Riahi, S. H., & Arfa, Y. (2011). Precompetitive anxiety effect on concentration and performance on elite rhythmic gymnasts. SciENcE OF GyMNASticS, 23.

Negara, J. D. K., Abduljabar, B., & Hambali, B. (2019). Aplikasi Statistika Dalam Penjas (3rd ed.). Bandung: CV. Bintang Warli Artika.

Negara, J. D. K., Mudjianto, S., Budikayanti, A., & Nugraha, P. A. (2021). The effect of gamma wave optimization and attention on hitting skills in softball. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(1), 103-109.

Darajat, J. K. N., & Gumilar, A. (2017, March). The Effect of Physical Fitness and Healthy Behavior Toward Concentration, Anxiety and Cortisol Hormone. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 180, No. 1, p. 012208). IOP Publishing.

Niederer, I., Kriemler, S., Gut, J., Hartmann, T., Schindler, C., Barral, J., & Puder, J. J. (2011). Relationship of aerobic fitness and motor skills with memory and attention in preschoolers (Ballabeina): a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. BMC pediatrics, 11(1), 1-9.

Nowak, P. F., Bożek, A., & Blukacz, M. (2019). Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and quality of life among university students. BioMed Research International, 2019.

Nuryadi, N., Negara, J. D. K., Juliantine, T., Slamet, S., & Gumilar, A. (2018). Hubungan kebugaran jasmani dengan kemampuan konsentrasi dan respon kortisol. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 3(2), 122-128.

Ortega, F. B., Tresaco, B., Ruiz, J. R., Moreno, L. A., Martin‐Matillas, M., Mesa, J. L., ... & AVENA Study Group. (2007). Cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary activities are associated with adiposity in adolescents. Obesity, 15(6), 1589-1599.

Pani, J., Reitlo, L. S., Evensmoen, H. R., Lydersen, S., Wisløff, U., Stensvold, D., & Håberg, A. K. (2021). Effect of 5 years of exercise intervention at different intensities on brain structure in older adults from the general population: a Generation 100 substudy. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 1485-1501.

Raichlen, D. A., & Alexander, G. E. (2017). Adaptive capacity: an evolutionary neuroscience model linking exercise, cognition, and brain health. Trends in neurosciences, 40(7), 408-421.

Ramania, N. S., Apriantono, T., Syafriani, R., & Kusnaedi, K. (2020). The Analysis of Physical Acitivity and Physical Fitness Level of Lecturers and Employees of Institut Teknologi Bandung in 2018. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani dan Olahraga, 5(2), 129-133.

Reigal, R. E., Hernández-Mendo, A., Juárez-Ruiz de Mier, R., & Morales-Sánchez, V. (2020). Physical exercise and fitness level are related to cognitive and psychosocial functioning in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1777.

Reigal, R. E., Moral-Campillo, L., Mier, R. J. R. D., Morillo-Baro, J. P., Morales-Sánchez, V., Pastrana, J. L., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2020). Physical fitness level is related to attention and concentration in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 110.

Rueda, M. R., Pozuelos, J. P., & Cómbita, L. M. (2015). Cognitive neuroscience of attention from brain mechanisms to individual differences in efficiency. AIMS Neuroscience, 2(4), 183-202.

Sigvartsen, J., Gabrielsen, L. E., Abildsnes, E., Stea, T. H., Omfjord, C. S., & Rohde, G. (2016). Exploring the relationship between physical activity, life goals and health-related quality of life among high school students: a cross-sectional study. BMC public health, 16, 1-9.

Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2017). The impact of previous athletic experience on current physical fitness in former collegiate athletes and noncollegiate athletes. Sports health, 9(5), 462-468.

Sławińska, M., Stolarski, M., & Jankowski, K. S. (2019). Effects of chronotype and time of day on mood responses to CrossFit training. Chronobiology international, 36(2), 237-249.

Vanhees, L., Lefevre, J., Philippaerts, R., Martens, M., Huygens, W., Troosters, T., & Beunen, G. (2005). How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness?. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 12(2), 102-114.

Vanhelst, J., Béghin, L., Duhamel, A., Manios, Y., Molnar, D., De Henauw, S., ... & Petraki, I. (2016). Physical activity is associated with attention capacity in adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 168, 126-131.

Vuillerme, N., & Nougier, V. (2004). Attentional demand for regulating postural sway: the effect of expertise in gymnastics. Brain Research Bulletin, 63(2), 161-165.

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2023). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Human kinetics.

Yoon, D. H., Lee, J. Y., & Song, W. (2018). Effects of resistance exercise training on cognitive function and physical performance in cognitive frailty: a randomized controlled trial. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 22, 944-951.

Zhang, T., Xiang, P., Gu, X., & Rose, M. (2016). College students' physical activity and health-related quality of life: An achievement goal perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(2), 182-190.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jpjo.v8i1.53566

Refbacks



Copyright (c) 2023 Rion Hendrianto, Helmy Firmansyah

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

web
statistics

View My Stats