THE ANXIETY LEVEL AMONG MOTHERS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Septinda Rima Dewanti

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in various social and economic problems that have caused anxiety for mothers in Indonesia. The study aims to determine the difference in the level of anxiety between stay-at-home mothers and working mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic and its causes. The study was using a survey method. Two hundred seventy-six mothers completed the survey. An instrument used in the study was Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), while the statistical analysis used the independent sample T-test. The result shows no significant difference in the anxiety level between stay-at-home mothers and working mothers. Factors that influence the lack of difference in anxiety level include age, education level, and culture. Both working mothers and stay-at-home mothers face the same level of anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic. We suggest providing online activities such as training activities for mothers to boost their resilience.


Keywords


covid-19, anxiety, mental-health, woman, family

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdi, M. N. (2020). Krisis Ekonomi Global dari Dampak Penyebaran Virus Corona (Covid-19). AkMen Jurnal Ilmiah, 17(1), 90–98.

Abidah, A., Hidaayatullaah, H. N., Simamora, R. M., Fehabutar, D., & Mutakinati, L. (2020). The Impact of Covid-19 to Indonesian Education and Its Relation to the Philosophy of “Merdeka Belajar.” Studies in Philosophy of Science and Education, 1(1), 38–49.

Agustina, T. S. (2014). Mengungkap Perilaku Inovatif 3 Etnis Wanita Pedagang di Surabaya. Jurnal Manajemen Teori Dan Terapan| Journal of Theory and Applied Management, 7(1).

Al-Rabiaah, A., Temsah, M.-H., Al-Eyadhy, A. A., Hasan, G. M., Al-Zamil, F., Al-Subaie, S., Alsohime, F., Jamal, A., Alhaboob, A., & Al-Saadi, B. (2020). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus (MERS-CoV) associated stress among medical students at a university teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Infection and Public Health.

Alonzi, S., La Torre, A., & Silverstein, M. W. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Preexisting Mental and Physical Health Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.

Ashidiqie, M. L. I. I. (2020). Peran Keluarga Dalam Mencegah Coronavirus Disease 2019. SALAM: Jurnal Sosial Dan Budaya Syar-I, 7(8).

Beck, A. T. (1979). Cognitive Therapy and The Emotional Disorders. New York: International Universities Press

Beck, A. T., Davis, D. D., & Freeman, A. (2015). Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders. New York: Guilford Publications.

Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (2005). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.

Boals, A., & Banks, J. B. (2020). Stress and Cognitive Functioning During a Pandemic: Thoughts from Stress Researchers. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S255.

Budiati, A. C. (2010). Aktualisasi Diri Perempuan dalam Sistem Budaya Jawa (Persepsi Perempuan terhadap Nilai-nilai Budaya Jawa dalam Mengaktualisasikan Diri). Jurnal Pamator: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Trunojoyo, 3(1), 51–59.

Candrarini, T. F. T. S., & Ranggawarsita III, K. R. N. (2020). Karakter Wanita Jawa.

Casagrande, M., Favieri, F., Tambelli, R., & Forte, G. (2020). The Enemy who Sealed the World: Effects Quarantine due to the COVID-19 on Sleep Quality, Anxiety, and Psychological Distress in the Italian Population. Sleep Medicine.

Dania, M., & Singhaputargun, N. (2020). Violence Triangle in Context of Indonesian Comfort Women. Asian International Studies Review, 21(2), 79–94.

Demir, S. (2018). The Relationship between Psychological Capital and Stress, Anxiety, Burnout, Job Satisfaction, and Job Involvement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 75, 137–153.

Dewanti, S. R., & Novitasari, Z. (2020). The Success Story From Inclusive School: A Case Study. 2nd International Seminar on Guidance and Counseling 2019 (ISGC 2019), 291–293.

Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020). Depression, Anxiety, Stress Levels of Physicians and Associated Factors In Covid-19 Pandemics. Psychiatry Research, 113130.

Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and Cognitive Performance: Attentional Control Theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336.

Favieri, F., Forte, G., Tambelli, R., & Casagrande, M. (2020). The Italians in the Time of Coronavirus: Psychosocial Aspects of Unexpected COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at SSRN 3576804.

Ferreri, F., Lapp, L. K., & Peretti, C.-S. (2011). Current Research on Cognitive Aspects of Anxiety Disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(1), 49–54.

Ford, M., & Parker, L. (2008). Introduction: Thinking about Indonesian Women and Work. London and New York: Routledge.

Fradelos, E. C., Papathanasiou, I. V, Veneti, A., Daglas, A., Christodoulou, E., Zyga, S., & Kourakos, M. (2017). Psychological Distress and Resilience in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer in Greece. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 18(9), 2545.

Getzfeld, A. R. (2010). Essentials of Abnormal Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Hidayati, Z. (2018). Peran Guru BK dalam Pelaksanaan Peminatan Siswa Baru (Studi Pada Sma Negeri Aceh Barat).

Hofmann, S. G., & Hinton, D. E. (2014). Cross-cultural Aspects of Anxiety Disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(6), 450.

Hua, J., & Shaw, R. (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19)“infodemic” and emerging issues through a data lens: The case of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2309.

Hwang, W.-C., Myers, H. F., Abe-Kim, J., & Ting, J. Y. (2008). A Conceptual Paradigm for Understanding Culture’s Impact on Mental Health: The Cultural Influences on Mental health (CIMH) Model. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(2), 211–227.

Jones, L., & D’Errico, M. (2019). Whose Resilience Matters? Like-for-like Comparison of Objective and Subjective Evaluations of Resilience. World Development, 124, 104632.

Levy, J., Yirmiya, K., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2019). Chronic Trauma Impairs the Neural Basis of Empathy in Mothers: Relations to Parenting and Children’s Empathic Abilities. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 38, 100658.

Lu, W., Yuan, L., Xu, J., Xue, F., Zhao, B., & Webster, C. (2020). The Psychological Effects of Quarantine during COVID-19 Outbreak: Sentiment Analysis of Social Media Data. Available at SSRN 3627268.

Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini,

I., Melloni, E. M. T., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., & Rovere-Querini, P. (2020). Anxiety and Depression in COVID-19 Survivors: Role of Inflammatory and Clinical Predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

Miller, R., & Kirschbaum, C. (2019). Cultures under Stress: A Cross-National Meta-Analysis of Cortisol Responses to The Trier Social Stress Test and their Association with Anxiety-Related Value Orientations and Internalizing Mental Disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 105, 147–154.

Morrissey, K., & Kinderman, P. (2020). The Impact of Childhood Financial Hardship on Depression and Anxiety in Adult Life: Testing the Accumulation, Critical Period and Social Mobility Hypotheses. SSM-Population Health, 100592.

Musthafawi, A. Z., Rosiani, U. D., Yunhasnawa, Y., & Atmoko, A. (2017). Analisis Respon Emosi Marah Wanita Jawa Dengan Algoritma K-Means Clustering. Seminar Nasional Aplikasi Teknologi Informasi (SNATI).

Nguyen, T., Schleihauf, H., Kayhan, E., Matthes, D., Vrtička, P., & Hoehl, S. (2020). The Effects of Interaction Quality on Neural Synchrony during Mother-child Problem Solving. Cortex, 124, 235–249.

Overbeek, T., Vermetten, E., & Griez, E. J. L. (2001). Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders. An Introduction to Clinical Management and Research, 3.

Palgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ring, L., Bodner, E., Avidor, S., Bergman, Y., Cohen-Fridel, S., Keisari, S., & Hoffman, Y. (2020). The Loneliness Pandemic: Loneliness and Other Concomitants of Depression, Anxiety and Their Comorbidity during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders.

Peng, S., Bauldry, S., Gilligan, M., & Suitor, J. J. (2019). Older Mother’s Health and Adult Children’s Education: Conceptualization of Adult Children’s Education and Mother-Child Relationships. SSM-Population Health, 7, 100390.

Root, B. (2000). Understanding Panic and Other Anxiety Disorders. Jackson: Univ. Press of Mississippi.

Satgas COVID-19. (2020). Lindungi Kesehatan Jiwa Anak dan Remaja Saat Masa Pandemi COVID-19.

Short, K., McCabe, M., & Tooley, G. (2002). Cognitive Functioning in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and the Role of Depression, Anxiety, and Fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(6), 475–483.

Smith, G. D., & Yang, F. (2017). Stress, Resilience and Psychological Well-Being in Chinese Undergraduate Nursing Students. Nurse Education Today, 49, 90–95.

Smits, J. A. J., Julian, K., Rosenfield, D., & Powers, M. B. (2012). Threat reappraisal as a mediator of symptom change in cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders: a systematic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 624.

Strickland, M. G., & Skolnick, A. J. (2020). Expressive Flexibility and Trait Anxiety in India and the United States. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110049.

Triratnawati, A. (2005). Konsep Dadi Wong Menurut Pandangan Wanita Jawa. Jurnal Humaniora, 17(3), 301–311.

Triratnawati, A., Wulandari, A., & Marthias, T. (2014). The Power of Suggestion in Traditional Javanese Healing Treatment. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 6(2), 280–292.

Vinkers, C. H., van Amelsvoort, T., Bisson, J. I., Branchi, I., Cryan, J. F., Domschke, K., Manchia, M., Pinto, L., de Quervain, D., & Schmidt, M. V. (2020). Stress Resilience during the Coronavirus Pandemic. European Neuropsychopharmacology.

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic Among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/jomsign.v5i2.33491

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Septinda Rima Dewanti

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

View My Stats