The Impact of Independent Learning on Academic Achievement in Social and Science Education Among Sixth Grade Elementary Students
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adams, C., Adigun, O., & Fiegener, A. (2022). Student trust in school peers: a relational condition for optimal school functioning. Journal of Educational Administration, 60(6), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.1108/jea-02-2022-0028.
Admiraal, W., Lockhorst, D., Post, L., & Kester, L. (2024). Effects of Students’ Autonomy Support on their Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: Three Field Experiments in Secondary Education. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 10(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.3343.
Bhat, N., & Dahal, A. (2023). Self-Directed Learning, its Implementation, and Challenges: A Review. Nepal Journal of Health Sciences, 3(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.3126/njhs.v3i1.63277.
Díaz, B., & Nussbaum, M. (2024). Artificial intelligence for teaching and learning in schools: The need for pedagogical intelligence. Computers & Education, 217, 105071. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2024.105071.
Guo, L. (2022). The effects of self-monitoring on strategy use and academic performance: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 112, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101939.
Hasnor, H. N., Ahmad, Z., & Nordin, N. (2013). The Relationship between Learning Approaches and Academic Achievement Among Intec Students, Uitm Shah Alam. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.080.
Krauss, S., Orth, U., & Robins, R. (2020). Family environment and self-esteem development: a longitudinal study from age 10 to 16. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(2), 457-478. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000263.
Livingston, K. (2012). Independent Learning. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 1526–1529). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6_895.
Mammadov, S., & Schroeder, K. (2023). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between autonomy support and positive learning outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2023.102235.
Mamun, M., Alam, K., Talukder, H., Jahan, S., Islam, N., & Chowdhury, M. (2024). Medical students’ motivational factors and academic performance – undergraduate level of bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Education, 15(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjme.v15i1.70951.
Mandal, F. (2022). Rethinking the views on the nature of human culture. Cultural Communication and Socialization Journal, 3(1), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.26480/ccsj.01.2022.13.16.
Maqableh, M., Jaradat, M., & Azzam, A. (2021). Exploring the determinants of students’ academic performance at university level: The mediating role of internet usage continuance intention. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4003–4025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10453-y.
Morris, T. H. (2019). Self-directed learning: A fundamental competence in a rapidly changing world. International Review of Education, 65(4), 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-019-09793-2.
Nasution, N., Rahayu, R. F., Yazid, S. T. M., & Amalia, D. (2018). The influence of independent learning on student learning outcomes. Journal of Non-Formal Education, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.32832/jpls.v12i1.2879.
Niromand, E., Salehi, A., Khazaei, M., & Khazaei, M. (2020). The influential factors in the academic achievement and failure of medical students in iran: a review study. Educational Research in Medical Sciences, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/erms.105860.
Nurhayati, & Bahtiar. (2024). Student independent learning to improve communication and collaboration skills in view of gender. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 11(2), 239–252. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v11i2.5450.
Prayekti. (2018). The Influence of Cognitive Learning Style and Independent learning on the Students’ Learning Outcomes. Higher Education Studies, 8(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v8n2p37.
Prøitz, T. S. (2010). Learning outcomes: What are they? Who defines them? When and where are they defined? Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 22(2), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-010-9097-8.
Rashid, T., & Asghar, H. M. (2016). Technology use, self-directed learning, student engagement and academic performance: Examining the interrelations. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 604–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.084.
Rogelberg, S. L., Starrett, A., Irvin, M. J., & DiStefano, C. (2021). Examining motivation profiles within and across socioeconomic levels on educational outcomes. International Journal of Educational Research, 109, 101846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101846.
Rollwagen‐Bollens, G., Nelson, T., & Wait, J. (2022). Actively participating in university-sponsored ecological research increases high school students’ knowledge of and attitudes about science. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.797769.
UoPeople. (2024, June 19). What Is Natural Science? 5 Definitions. University of the People. https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/what-is-natural-science-5-definitions.
van der Graaf, J., Lim, L., Fan, Y., Kilgour, J., Moore, J., Gašević, D., Bannert, M., & Molenaar, I. (2022). The Dynamics Between Self-Regulated Learning and Learning Outcomes: an Exploratory Approach and Implications. Metacognition and Learning, 17(3), 745–771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-022-09308-9.
Wang, C., Mirzaei, T., Xu, T., & Lin, H. (2022). How learner engagement impacts non-formal online learning outcomes through value co-creation: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 19(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-022-00341-x.
Wang, J., Tigelaar, D. E. H., Luo, J., & Admiraal, W. (2022). Teacher beliefs, classroom process quality, and student engagement in the smart classroom learning environment: A multilevel analysis. Computers & Education, 183, 104501. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2022.104501.
Yu, H. (2024). Enhancing creative cognition through project-based learning: An in-depth scholarly exploration. Heliyon, 10(6), e27706. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2024.E27706.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.53400/mimbar-sd.v12i1.81858
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mimbar Sekolah Dasar

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View Mimbar Sekolah Dasar Stats