Email this article 
Microwave Pyrolysis of Agricultural and Plastic Wastes for Production of Hybrid Biochar: Applications for Greener Environment
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abbas-Abadi, M. S., Kusenberg, M., Zayoud, A., Roosen, M., Vermeire, F., Madanikashani, S., Kuzmanović, M., Parvizi, B., Kresovic, U., De Meester, S., and Van Geem, K. M. (2023). Thermal pyrolysis of waste versus virgin polyolefin feedstocks: The role of pressure, temperature and waste composition. Waste Management, 165, 108–118.
Adeniyi, A. G., Iwuozor, K. O., Emenike, E. C., Ajala, O. J., Ogunniyi, S., and Muritala, K. B. (2024). Thermochemical co-conversion of biomass-plastic waste to biochar: a review. Green Chemical Engineering, 5(1), 31–49.
Akancha, N., Kumari, N., and Singh, R. (2019). Co-pyrolysis of waste polypropylene and rice bran wax‒ production of biofuel and its characterization. Journal of the Energy Institute, 92(4), 933–946.
Alabdrabalnabi, A., Gautam, R., and Mani Sarathy, S. (2022). Machine learning to predict biochar and bio-oil yields from co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastics. Fuel, 328, 125303.
Al-Rumaihi, A., Shahbaz, M., Mckay, G., Mackey, H., and Al-Ansari, T. (2022). A review of pyrolysis technologies and feedstock: A blending approach for plastic and biomass towards optimum biochar yield. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167, 112715.
Altikat, A., and Alma, M. H. (2022). Prediction carbonization yields and sensitivity analyses using deep learning neural networks and support vector machines. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(5), 5071–5080.
Anand, A., Kumar, V., and Kaushal, P. (2022). Biochar and its twin benefits: Crop residue management and climate change mitigation in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156, 111959.
Ansah, E., Wang, L., and Shahbazi, A. (2016). Thermogravimetric and calorimetric characteristics during co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste components. Waste Management, 56, 196–206.
Ayaz, M., Feiziene, D., Tilvikiene, V., Akhtar, K., Stulpinaitė, U., and Iqbal, R. (2021). Biochar Role in the Sustainability of Agriculture and Environment. Sustainability, 13, 21.
Aydinli, B., and Caglar, A. (2012). The investigation of the effects of two different polymers and three catalysts on pyrolysis of hazelnut shell. Fuel Processing Technology, 93(1), 1–7.
Ben salem, I., Saleh, M., Iqbal, J., el gamal, M., and Hameed, S. (2021). Date palm waste pyrolysis into biochar for carbon dioxide adsorption. Energy Reports, 7, 152–159.
Brebu, M., Ucar, S., Vasile, C., and Yanik, J. (2010). Co-pyrolysis of pine cone with synthetic polymers. Fuel, 89(8), 1911–1918.
Cao, B., Sun, Y., Guo, J., Wang, S., Yuan, J., Esakkimuthu, S., Bernard Uzoejinwa, B., Yuan, C., Abomohra, A. E.-F., Qian, L., Liu, L., Li, B., He, Z., and Wang, Q. (2019). Synergistic effects of co-pyrolysis of macroalgae and polyvinyl chloride on bio-oil/bio-char properties and transferring regularity of chlorine. Fuel, 246, 319–329.
Chang, S. (2023). Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 877, 162719.
Chen, L., Wang, S., Meng, H., Wu, Z., and Zhao, J. (2017). Synergistic effect on thermal behavior and char morphology analysis during co-pyrolysis of paulownia wood blended with different plastics waste. Applied Thermal Engineering, 111, 834–846.
Chen, R., Zhang, S., Cong, K., Li, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2020). Insight into synergistic effects of biomass-polypropylene co-pyrolysis using representative biomass constituents. Bioresource Technology, 307, 123243.
Cheng, Y. W., Lee, Z. S., Chong, C. C., Khan, M. R., Cheng, C. K., Ng, K. H., and Hossain, S. S. (2019). Hydrogen-rich syngas production via steam reforming of palm oil mill effluent (POME) – A thermodynamics analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(37), 20711–20724.
Dai, L., Fan, L., Liu, Y., Ruan, R., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., Zhao, Y., and Yu, Z. (2017). Production of bio-oil and biochar from soapstock via microwave-assisted co-catalytic fast pyrolysis. Bioresource Technology, 225, 1–8.
Davis-Wheeler Chin, C., Treadwell, L., and Wiley, J. (2021). Microwave Synthetic Routes for Shape-Controlled Catalyst Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites. Molecules, 26(12), 3647.
Dong, Z.X., Bai, X.P., Xu, D.C., Li, W.B. (2023). Machine learning prediction of pyrolytic products of lignocellulosic biomass based on physicochemical characteristics and pyrolysis conditions. Bioresource Technology, 367, 128182.
Du, Y., Ju, T., Meng, Y., Lan, T., Han, S., and Jianguo, J. (2021). A review on municipal solid waste pyrolysis of different composition for gas production. Fuel Processing Technology, 224, 107026.
Emenike, E., Ogunniyi, S., O. Ighalo, J., Iwuozor, K., Okoro, H. K., and Adeniyi, A. (2022). Delonix regia biochar potential in removing phenol from industrial wastewater. Bioresource Technology Reports, 19, 101195.
Ewees, A.A., Abd Elaziz, M. (2020). Improved adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system using gray wolf optimization: A case study in predicting biochar yield. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 29 (1), 924–940.
Fan, S., Sun, Y., Yang, T., Chen, Y., Yan, B., Li, R., and Chen, G. (2020). Biochar derived from corn stalk and polyethylene co-pyrolysis: characterization and Pb( ii ) removal potential. RSC Advances, 10, 6362–6376.
Foong, S. Y., Liew, R. K., Yang, Y., Cheng, Y. W., Yek, P. N. Y., Wan Mahari, W. A., Lee, X. Y., Han, C. S., Vo, D.-V. N., Van Le, Q., Aghbashlo, M., Tabatabaei, M., Sonne, C., Peng, W., and Lam, S. S. (2020). Valorization of biomass waste to engineered activated biochar by microwave pyrolysis: Progress, challenges, and future directions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 389, 124401.
Ganesan, V., Shankar, S., Rahiman M, K., Prathiba, R., Dhilipnithish, L. R., and Khan, F. (2022). Effectiveness of silica addition on the mechanical properties of jute/polyester based natural composite. Materials Today: Proceedings, 72.
Ge, S., Yek, P. N. Y., Cheng, Y. W., Xia, C., Wan Mahari, W. A., Liew, R. K., Peng, W., Yuan, T.-Q., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M., Sonne, C., and Lam, S. S. (2021). Progress in microwave pyrolysis conversion of agricultural waste to value-added biofuels: A batch to continuous approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110148.
Goldfarb, J. L., Dou, G., Salari, M., and Grinstaff, M. W. (2017). Biomass-Based Fuels and Activated Carbon Electrode Materials: An Integrated Approach to Green Energy Systems. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 5(4), 3046–3054.
Gunasee, S., Danon, B., Gِrgens, J., and Mohee, R. (2017). Co-Pyrolysis of LDPE and Cellulose: Synergies during devolatilization and condensation. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 126, 307-314.
Gwenzi, W., Chaukura, N., Noubactep, C., and Mukome, F. N. D. (2017). Biochar-based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. Journal of Environmental Management, 197, 732–749.
Hai, A.B., Bharath, G., Patah, M.F.A., Daud, W., Rambabu, K., Show, P., Banat, F. (2023). Machine learning models for the prediction of total yield and specific surface area of biochar derived from agricultural biomass by pyrolysis. Environ. Technol. Innov. 30, 103071.
Hamzah, H. T., Alawi, N. M., Hasan, H. M., Abed, H. Y., Veluru, S., Hamdullah, N. A., Ibrahim, A. A., Tukarambai, M., Poiba, V. R., and Srikanth, R. (2023b). Effect of acids and alkaline pretreatment of used tea waste powder under microwave-assisted pretreatment. Key Engineering Materials, 960, 149–160.
Hamzah, H. T., Sridevi, V., Surya, D. V., Palla, S., Yadav, A., and Rao, P. V. (2023a). Conventional and microwave-assisted acid pretreatment of tea waste powder: analysis of functional groups using FTIR. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
Hamzah, H. T., Sridevi, V., Surya, D. V., Ramesh, P., Rao, C. S., Palla, S., and Abdullah, T. A. (2024). Synergistic effects and product yields in microwave-assisted in-situ co-pyrolysis of rice straw and paraffin wax. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 182, 45–55.
Hamzah, H. T., Veluru, S., Hasan, H. M., Abed, H. Y., Mahdi, H. S., Hamdullah, N. A., Tukarambai, M., Poiba, V. R., and Srikanth, R. (2023c). Microwave assisted pyrolysis of biomass feedstock fundamentals and the effect of process parameters - A Review. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2550(1), 12003.
Hasan, R., Chong, C., Bukhari, S., Jusoh, R., and Setiabudi, H. (2019). Effective removal of Pb(II) by low-cost fibrous silica KCC-1 synthesized from silica-rich rice husk ash. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 75, 262-270.
Hibino, T., Kobayashi, K., Teranishi, S., and Hitomi, T. (2021). Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using Municipal Solid Waste Directly as Fuel: Biomass, Resin, Plastic, and Food Waste. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 9(8), 3124–3136.
Idris, R., Chong, W., Ali, A., Idris, S., Hsiang, T., Md Salim, R., Mong, G., and Chong, C. T. (2021). Pyrolytic oil with aromatic-rich hydrocarbons via microwave-induced in-situ catalytic co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunches with a waste truck tire. Energy Conversion and Management, 244, 114502.
Igliński, B., Kujawski, W., and Kiełkowska, U. (2023). Pyrolysis of waste biomass: Technical and process achievements, and future development-a review. Energies, 16, 1829.
Iwuozor, K. O., Oyekunle, I. P., Emenike, E. C., Okoye-Anigbogu, S. M., Ibitogbe, E. M., Elemile, O., Ighalo, J. O., and Adeniyi, A. G. (2022a). An overview of equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies for the sequestration of Maxilon dyes. Cleaner Materials, 6, 100148.
Jamaludin, N., Rashid, S. A., and Tan, T. (2019). Natural biomass as carbon sources for the synthesis of photoluminescent carbon Dots. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 109–134).
Janu, R., Mrlik, V., Ribitsch, D., Hofman, J., Sedláček, P., Bielská, L., and Soja, G. (2021). Biochar surface functional groups as affected by biomass feedstock, biochar composition and pyrolysis temperature. Carbon Resources Conversion, 4, 36–46.
Jerzak, W., Bieniek, A., and Magdziarz, A. (2023). Multifaceted analysis of products from the intermediate co-pyrolysis of biomass with Tetra Pak waste. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(31), 11680–11694.
Kitchen, H. J., Vallance, S. R., Kennedy, J. L., Tapia-Ruiz, N., Carassiti, L., Harrison, A., Whittaker, A. G., Drysdale, T. D., Kingman, S. W., and Gregory, D. H. (2014). Modern microwave methods in solid-state inorganic materials chemistry: From fundamentals to manufacturing. Chemical Reviews, 114(2), 1170–1206.
Kong, S.-H., Lam, S. S., Yek, P. N. Y., Liew, R. K., Ma, N. L., Osman, M. S., and Wong, C. C. (2019). Self-purging microwave pyrolysis: an innovative approach to convert oil palm shell into carbon-rich biochar for methylene blue adsorption. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 94(5), 1397–1405.
Kumar, M., Kumar, S., and Singh, S. (2021). Waste management by waste to energy initiatives in India. International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research, 10(2), 58–68.
Lee, J., Kim, K.-H., and Kwon, E. E. (2017). Biochar as a catalyst. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 70–79.
Leng, L.J., Yang, L.H., Lei, X.N., Zhang, W.J., Ai, Z.J., Yang, Z.Q., Zhan, H., Yang, J.P., Yuan, X.Z., Peng, H.Y., Li, H.L. (2022). Machine learning predicting and engineering the yield, N content, and specific surface area of biochar derived from pyrolysis of biomass. Biochar 4 (1), 63.
Li, Y.Z., Gupta, R., You, S.M. (2022). Machine learning assisted prediction of biochar yield and composition via pyrolysis of biomass. Bioresource Technology, 359, 127511.
Liang, L., Xi, F., Tan, W., Meng, X., Hu, B., and Wang, X. (2021). Review of organic and inorganic pollutants removal by biochar and biochar-based composites. Biochar, 3(3), 255–281.
Liu, S., Xie, Q., Zhang, B., Cheng, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, P., and Ruan, R. (2016). Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of corn stover and scum for bio-oil production with CaO and HZSM-5 as the catalyst. Bioresource Technology, 204, 164–170.
Liu, Z., Dugan, B., Masiello, C. A., and Gonnermann, H. M. (2017). Biochar particle size, shape, and porosity act together to influence soil water properties. PloS One, 12(6), e0179079.
Lu, P., Huang, Q., Bourtsalas, A., Chi, Y., and Yan, J. (2018). Synergistic effects on char and oil produced by the co-pyrolysis of pine wood, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. Fuel, 230, 359–367.
Mamane, H., Altshuler, S., Sterenzon, E., and Vadivel, V. K. (2020). Decolorization of dyes from textile wastewater using biochar: A review. Acta Innovations, 37, 36–46.
Mohammed, M. N., Aljibori, H. S. S., Jweeg, M. J., Al Oqaili, F., Abdullah, T. A., Abdullah, O. I., Meharban, F., Rashed, R. T., Aldulaimi, M., and Al-Azawi, K. (2024). A comprehensive review on graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for wastewater treatment. Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 26(1), 64-79.
Narde, S.R., Remya, N. (2022). Biochar production from agricultural biomass through microwave-assisted pyrolysis: predictive modelling and experimental validation of biochar yield. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24 (9), 11089–11102.
Owsianiak, M., Lindhjem, H., Cornelissen, G., Hale, S. E., Sّrmo, E., and Sparrevik, M. (2021). Environmental and economic impacts of biochar production and agricultural use in six developing and middle-income countries. Science of The Total Environment, 755, 142455.
Phadtare, P., and Kalbande, S. (2022). Biochar production technologies from agricultural waste, its utilization in agriculture and current global biochar market: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12, 1010–1031.
Potnuri, R., Suriapparao, D. V, Sankar Rao, C., Sridevi, V., Kumar, A., and Shah, M. (2022). The effect of torrefaction temperature and catalyst loading in Microwave-Assisted in-situ catalytic Co-Pyrolysis of torrefied biomass and plastic wastes. Bioresource Technology, 364, 128099.
Potnuri, R., Suriapparao, D., Sankar Rao, C., Yadav, A., Veluru, S., and Neelancherry, R. (2023). A review on analysis of biochar produced from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of agricultural waste biomass. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 173, 106094.
Potnuri, R., Suriapparao, D.V., Rao, C.S., Sridevi, V., Kumar, A. (2022a). Effect of dry torrefaction pretreatment of the microwave-assisted catalytic pyrolysis of biomass using the machine learning approach. Renew. Energy 197, 798–809.
Pourhashem, G., Hung, S. Y., Medlock, K. B., and Masiello, C. A. (2019). Policy support for biochar: Review and recommendations. GCB Bioenergy, 11(2), 364-380.
Ren, X.-Y., Feng, X.-B., Cao, J.-P., Tang, W., Wang, Z.-H., Yang, Z., Zhao, J.-P., Zhang, L.-Y., Wang, Y.-J., and Zhao, X.-Y. (2020). Catalytic conversion of coal and biomass volatiles: A Review. Energy and Fuels, 34(9), 10307–10363.
Rex, P., Ganesan, V., Shankar, S., and Tajudeen, S. (2022). Prospective review for development of sustainable catalyst and absorbents from biomass and application on plastic waste pyrolysis. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 1–16.
Rex, P., Mohammed Ismail, K. R., Meenakshisundaram, N., Barmavatu, P., and Sai Bharadwaj, A. V. (2023). Agricultural Biomass Waste to Biochar: A Review on Biochar Applications Using Machine Learning Approach and Circular Economy. ChemEngineering, 7(3), 50.
Ryu, H., Kim, D., Jae, J., Lam, S. S., Park, E., and Park, Y.-K. (2020). Recent advances in catalytic co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic waste for the production of petroleum-like hydrocarbons. Bioresource Technology, 310, 123473.
Sajdak, M., Muzyka, R., Hrabak, J., and Słowik, K. (2015). Use of plastic waste as a fuel in the co-pyrolysis of biomass: Part III: Optimisation of the co-pyrolysis process. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 112, 298-305.
Schِnherr, J., Buchheim, J. R., Scholz, P., and Adelhelm, P. (2018). Boehm titration revisited (Part I): Practical aspects for achieving a high precision in quantifying oxygen-containing surface groups on carbon materials. C, 4(2), 21.
Selvam, S.M., Balasubramanian, P. (2023). Influence of biomass composition and microwave pyrolysis conditions on biochar yield and its properties: a machine learning approach. Bioenergy Res. 16 (1), 138–150.
Seow, Y. X., Tan, Y. H., Mubarak, N. M., Kansedo, J., Khalid, M., Ibrahim, M. L., and Ghasemi, M. (2022). A review on biochar production from different biomass wastes by recent carbonization technologies and its sustainable applications. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(1), 107017.
Shahbaz, M., AlNouss, A., Parthasarathy, P., Abdelaal, A. H., Mackey, H., McKay, G., and Al-Ansari, T. (2020). Investigation of biomass components on the slow pyrolysis products yield using Aspen Plus for techno-economic analysis. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12(3), 669–681.
Shahbeik, H., Rafiee, S., Shafizadeh, A., Jeddi, D., Jafary, T., Lam, S.S., Pan, J.T., Tabatabaei, M., Aghbashlo, M. (2022). Characterizing sludge pyrolysis by machine learning: Towards sustainable bioenergy production from wastes. Renew. Energy 199, 1078–1092.
Shi, S., and Yin, J. (2021). Global research on carbon footprint: A scient metric review. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 89, 106571.
Shukla, N., and Neelancherry, R. (2022). Co-production of biooil and biochar from microwave co-pyrolysis of food-waste and plastic using recycled biochar as microwave susceptor. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 54, 102892.
Siddique, I., Salema, A., Antunes, E., and Vinu, R. (2022). Technical challenges in scaling up the microwave technology for biomass processing. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 153, 111767.
Suman, S. (2020). Conversion of solid biomass into biochar: Act as a green, eco-friendly energy source and a substitute of fossil fuel inputs. Proceedings, 58, 34.
Suriapparao, D. V, Kumar, D. A., and Vinu, R. (2022). Microwave co-pyrolysis of PET bottle waste and rice husk: effect of plastic waste loading on product formation. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 49, 101781.
Suriapparao, D. V, Vinu, R., Shukla, A., and Haldar, S. (2020). Effective deoxygenation for the production of liquid biofuels via microwave assisted co-pyrolysis of Agro residues and waste plastics combined with catalytic upgradation. Bioresource Technology, 302, 122775.
Suriapparao, D., Attada, Y., Garlapati, N., Guduru, R., and Kumar, T. (2020). Recovery of renewable aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbon resources from microwave pyrolysis/co-pyrolysis of agro-residues and plastics wastes. Bioresource Technology, 318, 124277.
Suriapparao, D., Boruah, B., Raja, D., and Vinu, R. (2018). Microwave assisted co-pyrolysis of biomasses with polypropylene and polystyrene for high quality bio-oil production. Fuel Processing Technology, 175, 64–75.
Talib Hamzah, H., Sridevi, V., Seereddi, M., Suriapparao, D. V, Ramesh, P., Sankar Rao, C., Gautam, R., Kaka, F., and Pritam, K. (2022). The role of solvent soaking and pretreatment temperature in microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste tea powder: Analysis of products, synergy, pyrolysis index, and reaction mechanism. Bioresource Technology, 363, 127913.
Thiruvengadam, S., Murphy, M.E., Shian, J. (2021). Mathematically modelling pyrolytic polygeneration processes using artificial intelligence. Fuel 295, 120488.
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., and Boguta, P. (2020). Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 19(1), 191–215.
Ul Haq, Z., Ullah, H., Khan, M.N.A., Naqvi, S.R., Ahad, A., Amin, N.A.S. (2022). Comparative study of machine learning methods integrated with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for bio-char yield prediction. Bioresource Technology, 363, 128008.
Vaštyl, M., Jankovská, Z., Cruz, G. J. F., and Matějová, L. (2022). A case study on microwave pyrolysis of waste tyres and cocoa pod husk; effect on quantity and quality of utilizable products. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(1), 106917.
Wan Mahari, W. A., Chong, C. T., Lam, W. H., Anuar, S., Ma, N. L., M.D., I., and Lam, S. S. (2018). Microwave co-pyrolysis of waste polyolefins and waste cooking oil: Influence of nitrogen atmosphere versus vacuum environment. Energy Conversion and Management, 171.
Wang, Q., Gao, C., Zhang, W., Luo, S., Zhou, M., Liu, Y., Liu, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., and Hao, A. (2019). Biomorphic carbon derived from corn husk as a promising anode material for potassium ion battery. Electrochimica Acta, 324, 134902.
Wantaneeyakul, N., Kositkanawuth, K., Turn, S. Q., and Fu, J. (2021). Investigation of biochar production from copyrolysis of rice husk and plastic. ACS Omega, 6(43), 28890–28902.
Yang, C., Shang, H., Li, J., Fan, X., Sun, J., and Duan, A. (2023). A review on the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of waste plastics. Processes, 11(5), 1487.
Yang, R. X., Wu, S. L., Chuang, K. H., and Wey, M. Y. (2020). Co-production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen from waste plastic gasification in a two-stage fluidized catalytic bed. Renewable Energy, 159, 10–22.
Yang, Y., Shahbeik, H., Shafizadeh, A., Masoudnia, N., Rafiee, S., Zhang, Y., Pan, J., Tabatabaei, M., and Aghbashlo, M. (2022). Biomass microwave pyrolysis characterization by machine learning for sustainable rural biorefineries. Renewable Energy, 201, 70-86.
Zhang, X., Yu, Z., Lu, X., and Ma, X. (2021). Catalytic co-pyrolysis of microwave pretreated chili straw and polypropylene to produce hydrocarbons-rich bio-oil. Bioresource Technology, 319, 124191.
Zhao, Y., Wang, Y., Duan, D., Ruan, R., Fan, L., Zhou, Y., Dai, L., Lv, J., and Liu, Y. (2018). Fast microwave-assisted ex-catalytic co-pyrolysis of bamboo and polypropylene for bio-oil production. Bioresource Technology, 249, 69–75.
Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Fan, L., Dai, L., Duan, D., Liu, Y., Ruan, R., Zhao, Y., Yu, Z., and Hu, Y. (2017). Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of straw stalk and soapstock for bio-oil production. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 124, 35–41.
Zhu, X.Z., Li, Y.N., Wang, X.N. (2019). Machine learning prediction of biochar yield and carbon contents in biochar based on biomass characteristics and pyrolysis conditions. Bioresour. Technol. 288, 121527.
Zhu, Y. J., and Chen, F. (2014). Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Inorganic Nanostructures in Liquid Phase. Chemical Reviews, 114(12), 6462–6555.
Zou, R., Wang, C., Qian, M., Huo, E., Kong, X., Wang, Y., Dai, L., Wang, L., Zhang, X., Mateo, W. C., Ruan, R., and Lei, H. (2022). Catalytic co-pyrolysis of solid wastes (low-density polyethylene and lignocellulosic biomass) over microwave assisted biochar for bio-oil upgrading and hydrogen production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 374, 133971.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v9i3.75049
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology is published by UPI.
View My Stats