Step-by-Step Fabrication of PVDF-TiO2 Hollow Fiber Membrane and Its Application Desalination of Wetland Saline Water via Pervaporation

M. Mahmud, Muthia Elma, Aulia Rahma, Nurul Huda, Riani Ayu Lestari, Awali S. K. Harivram, Erdina L. A. Rampun, Mohd H. D. Othman, Muhammad Roil Bilad

Abstract


Wetland water is opted as the source of domestic water supply when the availability of clean fresh water is scarce. Wetland water requires proper treatment due to the high concentration of organic matter and high salinity, particularly in the dry season. This research aims to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-TiO2 hollow fiber membrane for wetland saline water desalination via pervaporation. The PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes were fabricated through the dry wet spinning method under various air gaps (10, 15, and 20 cm). Then, the resulting membranes were tested in a pervaporation process at temperatures of 25, 40, and 60°C. Results show that the incorporation of TiO2 into the PVDF matrix imparted hydrophilicity properties into the resultant membranes. The presence of TiO2 was confirmed by the TiO2 stretching vibration at 1640 cm-1 (FTIR) and the TiO2 phase at diffraction peaks at 25.5 and 37°. The membranes exhibited the highest water flux (7.48 kg/m2.h) and salt rejection (> 99.5%) at 40°C. Overall, the developed PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes showed encouraging results and demonstrated their effectiveness for the desalination of wetland saline water.

Keywords


Desalination; Dry wet spinning; Hollow fiber membrane; PVDF-TiO2; Wetland saline water

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abidin, M. N. Z., Goh, P. S., Said, N., Ismail, A. F., Othman, M. H. D., Abdullah, M. S., Mansur, S. (2020). Polysulfone/amino-silanized poly(methyl methacrylate) dual layer hollow fiber membrane for uremic toxin separation. Separation and Purification Technology, 236, 116216.

Bai, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., and Zhang, L. (2012). Preparation and characterization of poly (Vinylidene fluoride) composite membranes blended with nano-crystalline cellulose. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 22, 250–257.

Benz, M., Euler, W. B., and Gregory, O. J. (2002). The role of solution phase water on the deposition of thin films of poly (vinylidene fluoride). Macromolecules, 35(7), 2682-2688.

Cai, X., Lei, T., Sun, D., and Lin, L. (2017). A critical analysis of the α, β and γ phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride) using FTIR. RSC Advances, 7(25), 15382-15389.

Chung, T.-S., Xu, Z.-L., and Lin, W. (1999). Fundamental understanding of the effect of air-gap distance on the fabrication of hollow fiber membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 72(3), 379-395.

Damodar, R. A., You, S.-J., and Chou, H.-H. (2009). Study the self cleaning, antibacterial and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 entrapped PVDF membranes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 172(2), 1321-1328.

Dayarathne, H. N. P., Angove, M. J., Aryal, R., Abuel-Naga, H., and Mainali, B. (2021). Removal of natural organic matter from source water: Review on coagulants, dual coagulation, alternative coagulants, and mechanisms. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 40, 101820.

Deshmukh, S. P., and Li, K. (1998). Effect of ethanol composition in water coagulation bath on morphology of PVDF hollow fibre membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 150(1), 75-85.

Dzinun, H., Othman, M. H. D., Ismail, A., Puteh, M. H., Rahman, M. A., and Jaafar, J. (2016). Photocatalytic degradation of nonylphenol using co-extruded dual-layer hollow fibre membranes incorporated with a different ratio of TiO2/PVDF. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 99, 80-87.

Elma, M., Bilad, M. R., Pratiwi, A. E., Rahma, A., Asyyaifi, Z. L., Hairullah, H., Lestari, R. A. (2022). Long-term performance and stability of interlayer-free mesoporous silica membranes for wetland saline water pervaporation. Polymers, 14(5), 895.

Elma, M., Ghani, R. A., Rahma, A., Alyanti, A. D., and Dony, N. (2022). Banana peels pectin templated silica ultrafiltration membrane in disk plate configuration applied for wetland water treatment. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 100(1), 77-88.

Elma, M., Mujiyanti, D. R., Ismail, N. M., Bilad, M. R., Rahma, A., Rahman, S. K., Rampun, E. L. A. (2020). Development of hybrid and templated silica-p123 membranes for brackish water desalination. Polymers, 12(11), 2644.

Elma, M., Pratiwi, A. E., Rahma, A., Rampun, E. L. A., Mahmud, M., Abdi, C., Bilad, M. R. (2022). Combination of coagulation, adsorption, and ultrafiltration processes for organic matter removal from peat water. Sustainability, 14(1), 370.

Elma, M., Rahma, A., Kusumawati, U., Pratama, R. K., and Alyanti, A. D. (2022). Single vs multichannel silica-pectin ultrafiltration membranes for treatment of natural peat water. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 100(2), 33-46.

Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Rahma, A., Assyaifi, Z. L., Sumardi, A., Lestari, A. E., Darmawan, A. (2020). Carbon templated strategies of mesoporous silica applied for water desalination: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 38, 101520.

Elma, M., Septyaningrum, L., Rahmawati, and Rahma, A. (2023). Vacuum versus air calcination of modified TEOS-MTES based membrane for seawater desalination. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2711(1), 050002.

Elma, M., Wang, D. K., Yacou, C., and Costa, J. C. D. d. (2015). Interlayer-free P123 carbonised template silica membranes for desalination with reduced salt concentration polarisation. Journal of Membrane Science, 475, 376-383.

Elma, M., Yacou, C., Costa, J. C. D. d., and Wang, D. K. (2013). Performance and long term stability of mesoporous silica membranes for desalination. Membranes, 3, 136-150.

Elma, M., Yacou, C., Wang, D. K., Smart, S., and Diniz da Costa, J. C. (2012). Microporous silica based membranes for desalination, Water, 4(3), 629.

Fan, H., and Peng, Y. (2012). Application of PVDF membranes in desalination and comparison of the VMD and DCMD processes. Chemical Engineering Science, 79, 94-102.

Fang, H., Gao, J., Wang, H., and Chen, C. (2012). Hydrophobic porous alumina hollow fiber for water desalination via membrane distillation process. Journal of Membrane Science, 403, 41-46.

Gao, Y. (2017). Correlated Effect of Air Gap and PVP Concentration on the Structure and Performance of PVDF Ultrafiltration Hollow Fiber Membrane. Journal of Membrane Science and Research, 3(2), 78-83.

Goh, P., Lau, W. J., Othman, M. H., and Ismail, A. (2018). Membrane fouling in desalination and its mitigation strategies. Desalination, 425, 130-155.

Hong, X., Zhou, Y., Ye, Z., Zhuang, H., Liu, W., Hui, K. S., Qiu, X. (2017). Enhanced hydrophilicity and antibacterial activity of PVDF ultrafiltration membrane using Ag3PO4/TiO2 nanocomposite against E. coli. Desalination and Water Treatment, 75, 26-33.

Huang, L., Jing, S., Zhuo, O., Meng, X., and Wang, X. (2017). Surface hydrophilicity and antifungal properties of TiO2 films coated on a Co-Cr substrate. BioMed Research International, 2017, 2054723.

Jyoti, G., Keshav, A., and Anandkumar, J. (2015). Review on pervaporation: Theory, membrane performance, and application to intensification of esterification reaction. Journal of Engineering, 2015, 927068.

Kamaludin, R., Mohamad Puad, A. S., Othman, M. H. D., Kadir, S. H. S. A., and Harun, Z. (2019). Incorporation of N-doped TiO2 into dual layer hollow fiber (DLHF) membrane for visible light-driven photocatalytic removal of reactive black 5. Polymer Testing, 78, 105939.

Kaspar, P., Sobola, D., Částková, K., Knápek, A., Burda, D., Orudzhev, F., Hadaš, Z. (2020). Characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) electrospun fibers doped by carbon flakes. Polymers, 12(12), 2766.

Khayet, M. (2003). The effects of air gap length on the internal and external morphology of hollow fiber membranes. Chemical Engineering Science, 58(14), 3091-3104.

Khulbe, K. C., Feng, C. Y., Matsuura, T., Mosqueada-Jimenaez, D. C., Rafat, M., Kingston, D., Khayet, M. (2007). Characterization of surface-modified hollow fiber polyethersulfone membranes prepared at different air gaps. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 104(2), 710-721.

Kingsbury, B. F. K., and Li, K. (2009). A morphological study of ceramic hollow fibre membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 328(1), 134-140.

Law, K.-Y. (2014). Definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and superhydrophobicity: Getting the basics right. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5(4), 686-688.

Li, L., Hou, J., Ye, Y., Mansouri, J., and Chen, V. (2017). Composite PVA/PVDF pervaporation membrane for concentrated brine desalination: Salt rejection, membrane fouling and defect control. Desalination, 422, 49-58.

Li, X., Chen, Y., Hu, X., Zhang, Y., and Hu, L. (2014). Desalination of dye solution utilizing PVA/PVDF hollow fiber composite membrane modified with TiO2 nanoparticles. Journal of Membrane Science, 471, 118-129.

Mahmud, Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Rahma, A., Pratiwi, A. E., Abdi, C., and Rosadi, R. (2020). Effect of two stages adsorption as pre-treatment of natural organic matter removal in ultrafiltration process for peat water treatment. Materials Science Forum, 988, 114-121.

Mahmud, M., and Noor, R. (2005). Kinetika fouling membran ultrafiltrasi (UF) pada pengolahan air berwarna: Pengaruh interval dan lamanya pencucian balik (backwashing) membran. Info-Teknik, 6(1), 62-69.

Mat Nawi, N. I., Mohd Lazis, A., Rahma, A., Elma, M., Bilad, M. R., Md Nordin, N. A. H., Yusof, N. (2022). A rotary spacer system for energy-efficient membrane fouling control in oil/water emulsion filtration. Membranes, 12(6), 554.

Maulida, N. A., Fitriah, S. H., Aliah, A., Rampun, E. L. A., and Elma, M. (2023). Preparation and performance of interlayer-free organosilica membranes on zirconia support. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2667(1), 040011.

Medeiros, K. A. R., Rangel, E. Q., Sant’Anna, A. R., Louzada, D. R., Barbosa, C. R. H., and d’Almeida, J. R. M. (2018). Evaluation of the electromechanical behavior of polyvinylidene fluoride used as a component of risers in the offshore oil industry. Oil and Gas Science and Technology - Revue d'IFP Energies Nouvelles, 73, 48.

Méricq, J. P., Mendret, J., Brosillon, S., and Faur, C. (2015). High performance PVDF-TiO2 membranes for water treatment. Chemical Engineering Science, 123, 283-291.

Mun, J., Park, H. M., Koh, E., and Lee, Y. T. (2018). Enhancement of the crystallinity and surface hydrophilicity of a PVDF hollow fiber membrane on simultaneous stretching and coating method. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 65, 112-119.

Nawi, N. I. M., Arifin, S. N. H. M., Hizam, S. M., Rampun, E. L. A., Bilad, M. R., Elma, M., Jaafar, J. (2020). Chlorella vulgaris broth harvesting via standalone forward osmosis using seawater draw solution. Bioresource Technology Reports, 9, 100394.

Okubo, T., Haruta, K., Kusakabe, K., Morooka, S., Anzai, H., and Akiyama, S. (1991). Preparation of a sol-gel derived thin membrane on a porous ceramic hollow fiber by the filtration technique. Journal of Membrane Science, 59(1), 73-80.

Parvizian, F., Ansari, F., and Bandehali, S. (2020). Oleic acid-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles for fabrication of PES-based nanofiltration membranes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 156, 433-441.

Peng, N., Chung, T.-S., and Wang, K. Y. (2008). Macrovoid evolution and critical factors to form macrovoid-free hollow fiber membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 318(1), 363-372.

Pratiwi, E. N., Elma, M., Mahmud, M., Basir, B., Rezki, M. R., Oktaviana, E. N. R., Rahma, A. (2023). Novel carbon templated silica membrane prepared from Nypa fruticans leaf for seawater desalination. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2682(1), 030006.

Prihatiningtyas, I., Gebreslase, G. A., and Van der Bruggen, B. (2020). Incorporation of Al2O3 into cellulose triacetate membranes to enhance the performance of pervaporation for desalination of hypersaline solutions. Desalination, 474, 114198.

Qin, A., Li, X., Zhao, X., Liu, D., and He, C. (2015). Engineering a highly hydrophilic PVDF membrane via binding TiO2 nanoparticles and a PVA layer onto a membrane surface. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 7(16), 8427-8436.

Rahma, A., Elma, M., Aliah, Kusumawati, U., and Dony, N. (2022). Novel multi-channel coated silica based membranes applied for peat water ultrafiltration. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 100(3), 133-145.

Rahma, A., Elma, M., Mahmud, M., Irawan, C., Pratiwi, A. E., and Rampun, E. L. A. (2019). Penyisihan bahan organik alami pada desalinasi air rawa asin menggunakan proses koagulasi-Pervaporasi. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 22(3), 85-92.

Rahma, A., Elma, M., Pratiwi, A. E., and Rampun, E. L. (2020). Performance of interlayer-free pectin template silica membranes for brackish water desalination. Membrane Technology, 2020(6), 7-11.

Rahma, A., Elma, M., Rampun, E. L. A., Pratiwi, A. E., Rakhman, A., and Fitriani. (2020). Rapid thermal processing and long term stability of interlayer-free silica-P123 membranes for wetland saline water desalination. Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 71(2), 1-9.

Rahma, A., Elma, M., Roil Bilad, M., Isnasyauqiah, Rahman Wahid, A., Sirajul Huda, M., and Resa Lamandau, D. (2023). Novel spent bleaching earth industrial waste as low-cost ceramic membranes material: elaboration and characterization. Materials Today: Proceedings, 87(2), 136-140.

Rampun, E. L. A., Elma, M., Rahma, A., and E.Pratiwi, A. (2019). Interlayer-free silica–pectin membrane for sea-water desalination. Membrane Technology, 2019(12), 5-9.

Rampun, E. L. A., Elma, M., Syauqiah, I., Putra, M. D., Rahma, A., and Pratiwi, A. E. (2019). Interlayer-free silica pectin membrane for wetland saline water via pervaporation. Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi, 22(3), 99-104.

Sakarkar, S., Muthukumaran, S., and Jegatheesan, V. (2020). Polyvinylidene fluoride and titanium dioxide ultrafiltration photocatalytic membrane: Fabrication, morphology, and its application in textile wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 146(7), 04020053.

Sakarkar, S., Muthukumaran, S., and Jegatheesan, V. (2021). Tailoring the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the separation and antifouling performance of thin-film composite polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. Membranes, 11(4), 241.

Sari, D. P., Elma, M., Mahmud, M., Basir, B., Rezki, M. R., Rahmawati, R., Rahma, A. (2023). Fabrication of organo-silica thin film for water desalination from dual silicate precursor (tetraethylorthosilicate and methyltriethoxysilane). AIP Conference Proceedings, 2682(1), 030007.

Satria Anugerah, S., Elma, M., Isna, S., Dwi Resa, L., Siti, F., and Aulia, R. (2022). Energy from salinity gradient of wetland saline water using reverse electrodialysis membrane. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 101(2), 46-59.

Shi, H., Liu, F., and Xue, L. (2013). Fabrication and characterization of antibacterial PVDF hollow fibre membrane by doping Ag-loaded zeolites. Journal of Membrane Science, 437, 205-215.

Sun, J., Qian, X., Wang, Z., Zeng, F., Bai, H., and Li, N. (2020). Tailoring the microstructure of poly (vinyl alcohol)-intercalated graphene oxide membranes for enhanced desalination performance of high-salinity water by pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 599, 117838.

Tan, X., and Rodrigue, D. (2019). A review on porous polymeric membrane preparation part i: production techniques with polysulfone and poly (Vinylidene Fluoride). Polymers, 11(7), 1160.

Wang, D. K., Elma, M., Motuzas, J., Hou, W.-C., Schmeda-Lopez, D. R., Zhang, T., and Zhang, X. (2016). Physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of carbonaceous char and titania composite hollow fibers for wastewater treatment. Carbon, 109, 182-191.

Yaacob, N., Goh, P. S., Ismail, A. F., Mohd Nazri, N. A., Ng, B. C., Zainal Abidin, M. N., and Yogarathinam, L. T. (2020). ZrO2-TiO2 incorporated PVDF dual-layer hollow fiber membrane for oily wastewater treatment: Effect of air gap. Membranes, 10(6), 124.

Yoon, S., Prabu, A. A., Kim, K. J., and Park, C. (2008). Metal salt-induced ferroelectric crystalline phase in poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 29(15), 1316-1321.

Yu, J.-G., Yu, H.-G., Cheng, B., Zhao, X.-J., Yu, J. C., and Ho, W.-K. (2003). The effect of calcination temperature on the surface microstructure and photocatalytic activity of tio2 thin films prepared by liquid phase deposition. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(50), 13871-13879.

Yu, L.-Y., Shen, H.-M., and Xu, Z.-L. (2009). PVDF–TiO2 composite hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes prepared by TiO2 sol–gel method and blending method. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 113(3), 1763-1772.

Zou, L., Gusnawan, P., Zhang, G., and Yu, J. (2020). Study of the effective thickness of the water-intrudable hydrophilic layer in dual-layer hydrophilic-hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes for direct contact membrane distillation. Journal of Membrane Science, 615, 118552.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v8i3.63433

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology is published by UPI.
StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter
View My Stats