Forest Cover Change and Legal Pluralism in Forest Management: A Review and Evidence from West Sumatra, Indonesia

R. Rudy, Y. Yonariza, Helvi Yanfika, Ali Rahmat, Winih Sekaringtyas Ramadhani, Abdul Mutolib

Abstract


This study analyzed the functions of shifting (phenomenon of legal pluralism) and identified forest conversion at Production Forest Management Unit of Dharmasraya (PFMU Dharmasraya), West Sumatra, Indonesia from March 2018 to December 2019 using a qualitative research design with a case study approach. The identification of changes in forest cover analyzed by satellite images using the NDVI method to obtain the distribution of forest cover. Discussion on legal pluralism were examined using a non-ethnographic qualitative research approach through interviews with local communities, companies/permit holders, and related institutions (government). From 2000 to 2019, the PFMU Dharmasraya forest area reduced from 86 to 12%, and plantations increased from 10 to 81% of the total area of 33,539 ha. The legal pluralism of forest ownership occurs because local communities use traditional law, claiming the PFMU Dharmasraya area as Ulayat land. In contrast, the government claims the forest belongs to the state. The motives for the conversion of forest functions are the expansion of oil palm and rubber plantations, forest clearing to mark forest ownership rights, and illegal logging.

Keywords


Customary land; forest conversion; illegal logging; legal pluralism

Full Text:

PDF

References


Angelsen, A., and Kaimowitz, D. (1999). Rethinking the Causes of Deforestation: Lessons from Economic Models. The World Bank Research Observer, 14(1), 73–98.

Assche, K.V., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., and Gruezmacher, M. (2017) Power/knowledge and natural resource management: Foucaultian foundations in the analysis of adaptive governance. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 19(3), 308-322.

Austin, K. G., A. Mosnier., J. Pirker., I. McCallum., S. Fritz., and P. S. Kasibhatla. (2017). Shifting patterns of oil palm driven deforestation in Indonesia and implications for zero-deforestation commitments. Land Use Policy, 69, 41–48.

Bedner, A., and Arizona, Y. (2019). Adat in Indonesian Land Law: A Promise for the Future or a Dead End?. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 20 (5), 416-434 |.

Benda-Beckman, F. von. (1989). From the Law of Primitive Man to the Socio-Legal Study of Complex Society. Jurnal Antropologi Indonesia, 49, 67–75.

Benda-Beckmann, K.V., and Turner, B. (2018). Legal pluralism, social theory, and the state. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 50 (3), 255-274.

Dalla-Nora, E.L., de Aguiar, A.P.D., Lapola, D.M., and Woltjer, G. (2014). Why have land use change models for the amazon failed to capture the amount of deforestation over the last decade?. Land Use Policy, 39, 403–11.

Dhiaulhaq, A., Wiset, K., Thaworn, R., Kane, S., and Gritten, D. (2017). Forest, water and people: The roles and limits of mediation in transforming watershed conflict in Northern Thailand. Forest and Society, 1(2), 121-136.

Fatmi, S.R. (2018). Permohonan Tanah Ulayat di Minangkabau Menjadi Tanah Hak Milik. Lentera Hukum, 5(3), 415-430

Garrett, R. D., Koh, I., Lambin, E.F., Waroux, Y.L.P.D., Kastens, J.H., and Brown, J.C. (2018). Intensification in Agriculture-Forest Frontiers: Land Use Responses to Development and Conservation Policies in Brazil. Global Environmental Change, 53, 233–43.

Geist, H. J., and Lambin, E. F. (2002). Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation. BioScience, 52(2), 143.

Gilbert, J. (2013). Land Rights as Human Rights: The Case for a Specific Right to Land. International Journal on Human Rights, 10(18), 115-135.

Griffiths, J. (1986). What is legal pluralism?. Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 24, 1–56.

Handoko, C. and Yumantoko. (2015). Local perspectives on tenure rights and conflict in FMU Rinjani Barat, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea, 4(2), 157-170

Hidayat, H. (2015). Pengakuan hukum terhadap hak Ulayat masyarakat hukum adat. Jurnal Hukum Tô-râ, 1 (3), 183-192

Ifrani, I., Abby, F.A., Barkatullah, A.H., Nurhayati, Y., and Said, M.Y. (2019). Forest management based on local culture of dayak Kotabaru in the perspective of customary law for a sustainable future and prosperity of the local community. Resources, 8 (78), 1-17.

Imai, N., Furukawa, T., Tsujino, R., Kitamura, S., and Yumoto, Y. (2018). Factors affecting forest area change in Southeast Asia during 1980-2010. PLoS ONE, 13(6), e0199908.

Jonaidi, J. (2018). Kajian hukum terhadap kedudukan tanah Ulayat masyarakat hukum adat Minangkabau di Sumatera Barat. Lex Et Societatis, 6(1), 97-106.

Ken, S., Sasaki, N., Entani, T., Ma, H.O., Thuch, P., and Tsusaka T.W. (2020). Assessment of the local perceptions on the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, agents of drivers, and appropriate activities in Cambodia. Sustainability, 12 (9987), 1-26.

Kissinger, G. (2020). Policy responses to direct and underlying drivers of deforestation: Examining rubber and coffee in the central highlands of Vietnam. Forests, 11 (733), 1-25.

Magdalena, M. (2013). The roles of customary law in forest management and protection in Sesaot Village, West Nusa Tenggara and Setulang Village, East Kalimantan. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 10 (2), 110 – 121.

Margono, M., Arunarwati, B., Potapov, P.V., Turubanova, S., Stolle, F., and Hansen, M.C. (2014). Primary forest cover loss in Indonesia over 2000-2012. Nature Climate Change 4(8), 730–35.

Maryanti, R., Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Hufad, A., and Sunardi, S. (2021). Science education for students with special needs in Indonesia: From definition, systematic review, education system, to curriculum. Indonesian Journal of Community and Special Needs Education. 1(1), 1-8.

Massawe, J. (2011). Indigenous people and conservation: The Suledo forest community in Tanzania. Pp. 73–80 in Indigenous peoples and conservation: from rights to resource management, edited by W. K. Painemilla, A. B. Rylands, A. Woofter, and C. Hughes. Arlington: Conservation International.

Miettinen, J., Hooijer, A., Shi, C., Tollenaar, D., Vernimmen, R., Liew, S., Malins, C., Page, S. E. (2012). Extent of industrial plantations on Southeast Asian peatlands in 2010 with analysis of historical expansion and future projections. GCB Bioenergy, 4(6), 908–918.

Moeliono, M., Thuy, P.M., Bong, I.W., Wong, G.Y., and Brockhaus, M. (2017). Social Forestry – why and for whom? A comparison of policies in Vietnam and Indonesia. Forest and Society, 1(2), 1-20.

Mohamad, N., and Masek, A. (2021). Modes of Facilitator Skills for Group Learning Among Design and Technology Teachers in Secondary Schools. Indonesian Journal of Teaching in Science, 1(1), 17-20

Murray, J.P., Grenyer,R., Wunder, S., Raes, N., and Jones, J.P.G. (2015). Spatial patterns of carbon, biodiversity, deforestation threat, and REDD+projects in Indonesia. Conservation Biology, 29(5), 1-12.

Mutolib, A., Yonariza, Rahmat, A., and Yanfika, H. (2019). Competition among actors and challenges of production forest management in Dharmasraya, West Sumatera. Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 399, 012074

Mutolib, A., Yonariza., Mahdi., and Ismono, H. (2016). Gender inequality and the oppression of women within minangkabau matrilineal society: A case study of the management of ulayat forest land in Nagari Bonjol, Dharmasraya district, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Asian Women, 32(3), 23-49.

Mutolib, A., Yonariza., Mahdi., and Ismono, H. (2017). Forest ownership conflict between a local community and the state: A case study in Dharmasraya, Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 29(2), 163–71.

Muur, W.V.D. (2018). Forest conflicts and the informal nature of realizing indigenous land rights in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22 (2), 160–174.

Ordway, E.M., Asner, G.P., and Lambin, E.F. (2017). Deforestation risk due to commodity crop expansion in subSaharan Africa. Environmental Resources Letters, 12 (044015), 1-12.

Pendrill, F., Persson, U.M., Godar, J., Kastner, T., Moran, D., Schmidt, S., and Wood, R. (2019). Agricultural and forestry trade drives large share of tropical deforestation emissions. Global Environmental Change, 56, 1–10.

Poor, E.E., Frimpong, E., Imron, M.A., and Kelly, M.J. (2019). Protected area effectiveness in a sea of palm oil: A Sumatran case study. Biological Conservation, 234, 123–30.

Poudyal, B.H., Maraseni, T., and Cockfield, G. (2020). Scientific forest management practice in Nepal: Critical reflections from stakeholders’ perspectives. Forests, 11(1), 1–20.

Pratomo, R.A., Samsura, D.A.A., and Krabben, E.V.D. (2020). Transformation of local people’s property rights induced by new town development (case studies in Peri-Urban areas in Indonesia). Land, 9, (236), 1-25.

Purnomo, H., Shantiko, B., Sitorus, S., Gunawan, H., Achdiawan, R., Kartodihardjo, H., and Dewayani, A.A. (2017). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, 78, 21–31.

Purnomo, P.E., and Anand, P. (2014). The conflict of forest tenure and the emergence of community based forest management in Indonesia. Journal of Government and Politics, 5(1), 20–31.

Rahmat, A., and Mutolib, A. (2016). Comparison of air temperature under global climate change issue in Gifu city and Ogaki city, Japan. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 1(1), 37–46.

Rahmat, A., Hamid, M.A., Zaki, M.K., and Mutolib. A. (2018). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the integration conservation education forest at Wan Abdul Rachman using modis data. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 47–52.

Ratner, B.D., Meinzen-Dick, R., May, C., and Haglund, E. (2013). Resource conflict, collective action, and resilience: An analytical framework. International Journal of the Commons, 7(1), 183–208.

Senoaji, G., Hidayat, M.F., and Iskandar. (2019). The tenurial conflicts resolution of utilization of forest areas in protected forests Rimbo Donok Kepahiang District. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan, 26(1), 28-35.

Soegoto, E. S, Ramana, J. M. & Rafif, L. S. (2021). Designing an Educational Website Regarding Recycling of Plastic Waste into Roads. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education. 1(2), 125-130

Stibig, H. J., Achard, F., Carboni, S., Raši, R., and Miettinen, J. (2014). Change in Tropical Forest Cover of Southeast Asia from 1990 to 2010. Biogeosciences 11(2), 247–58.

Sylviani, S., and Hakim, I. (2014). Analisis tenurial dalam pengembangan kesatuan pengelolaan hutan: Studi kasus KPH Gedong Wani, Provinsi Lampung. Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan, 11(4), 309–322.

Tacconi, L., Rodrigues, R.J., and Maryudi, A. (2019). Law Enforcement and Deforestation: Lessons for Indonesia from Brazil. Forest Policy and Economics, 108(101943), 1–10.

Tamanaha, B. Z. (2008). Understanding legal pluralism: Past to present, local to global. Sydney Law Review, 30 (375), 375-411.

Ting, Z., Haiyun, C., Shivakoti, G.P., Cochard, R., and Homcha-aim, K. (2011). Revisit to community forest in Northeast of Thailand: Changes in status and utilization. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 13(2), 385–402.

Vijay, V., Pimm, S.L., Jenkins, C.N., and Smith, S.J. (2016). The impacts of oil palm on recent deforestation and biodiversity loss. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159668.

Warman, K., and Andora, H. (2014). Pola Hubungan Hukum dalam Pemanfaatan Tanah Ulayat di Sumatera Barat. Mimbar Hukum, 26 (3), 366-381.

Yasmi, Y., Kelley, L.C., and Enters, T. (2013). Community–outsider conflicts over forests: Perspectives from Southeast Asia. Forest Policy and Economics, 33, 21-27.

Zimmerman, B. (2011). Beauty, power, and conservation in the Southeast Amazon: How traditional social organization of the Kayapo leads to forest protection. edited by W. K. Painemilla, A. B. Rylands, A. Woofter, and C. Hughes. Arlington: Conservation International.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v6i2.34190

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology is published by UPI.
StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter
View My Stats